Answers:
What complication results from damage to the superior laryngeal nerve?
A) Dysphagia
B) Strap muscle motor weakness
C) Aspiration
D) Inability to abduct vocal folds
E) More than one of the above
MC Questions:
What branch of the external carotid artery is most likely to feed a carotid body tumor?
A) Ascending Pharyngeal
B) Lingual
C) Facial
D) Internal Maxillary
E) Superior Thyroid
A) Dysphagia
B) Strap muscle motor weakness
C) Aspiration
D) Inability to abduct vocal folds
E) More than one of the above
The superior laryngeal nerve provides sensation to the larynx. A decrease in sensation inhibits coughing and leads to aspiration.
Name the seven branches of the external carotid artery.
The mneumonic is "Some Attendings Like Freaking Out Potential Med Students"
-Superior Thyroid
- Ascending Pharyngeal
- Lingual
- Facial
- Occipital
- Posterior Auricular
- (internal) maxillary
- Superficial temporal
What branch of the external carotid artery is most likely to feed a carotid body tumor?
A) Ascending Pharyngeal
B) Lingual
C) Facial
D) Internal Maxillary
E) Superior Thyroid
Free Response Question:
What is the likely causes of this patient's hearing loss?
Quick Facts:
Basic MRI scans
T1-weighted MRI
-T1-weighted scans refer to a set of standard scans that depict differences in the spin-lattice (or T1) relaxation time of various tissues within the body. T1 weighted images can be acquired using either spin echo or gradient-echo sequences. T1-weighted contrast can be increased with the application of an inversion recovery RF pulse. Gradient-echo based T1-weighted sequences can be acquired very rapidly because of their ability to use short inter-pulse repetition times (TR). T1-weighted sequences are often collected before and after infusion of T1-shortening MRI contrast agents. In the brain T1-weighted scans provide appreciable contrast between gray and white matter. Water (such as CSF and blood) is dark and white matter is lighter than grey. In the body, T1 weighted scans work well
for differentiating fat from water—with water appearing darker and fat
brighter.
T2-weighted MRI
-T2-weighted scans refer to a set of standard scans that depict differences in the spin-spin (or T2) relaxation time of various tissues within the body. Like the T1-weighted scan, fat is differentiated from water, but in this case fat shows darker, and water lighter. For example, in the case of cerebral and spinal study, the CSF
(cerebrospinal fluid) will be lighter in T2-weighted images. These scans are therefore particularly well suited to imaging edema, with long TE and long TR. Because the spin echo sequence is less susceptible to inhomogeneities in the magnetic field, these images have long been a clinical workhorse.
What is the likely causes of this patient's hearing loss?
Quick Facts:
Basic MRI scans
T1-weighted MRI
-T1-weighted scans refer to a set of standard scans that depict differences in the spin-lattice (or T1) relaxation time of various tissues within the body. T1 weighted images can be acquired using either spin echo or gradient-echo sequences. T1-weighted contrast can be increased with the application of an inversion recovery RF pulse. Gradient-echo based T1-weighted sequences can be acquired very rapidly because of their ability to use short inter-pulse repetition times (TR). T1-weighted sequences are often collected before and after infusion of T1-shortening MRI contrast agents. In the brain T1-weighted scans provide appreciable contrast between gray and white matter. Water (such as CSF and blood) is dark and white matter is lighter than grey. In the body, T1 weighted scans work well
for differentiating fat from water—with water appearing darker and fat
brighter.
T2-weighted MRI
-T2-weighted scans refer to a set of standard scans that depict differences in the spin-spin (or T2) relaxation time of various tissues within the body. Like the T1-weighted scan, fat is differentiated from water, but in this case fat shows darker, and water lighter. For example, in the case of cerebral and spinal study, the CSF
(cerebrospinal fluid) will be lighter in T2-weighted images. These scans are therefore particularly well suited to imaging edema, with long TE and long TR. Because the spin echo sequence is less susceptible to inhomogeneities in the magnetic field, these images have long been a clinical workhorse.
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